Modernization in Brazil
46 percent of Brazilians lived in cities; by 2010, that number had become The move to cities in Brazil began earlier than it did in Nigeria. In 1960, 14 percent, a huge percentage for such a geographically large country. Much of this urbanization was driven by the movement of people from rural areas as agriculture became increasingly mechanized. Many of these people sought manufacturing work in large cities such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
Manufacturing
was responsible for about 20 percent of Brazil's gross domestic
product. São Paulo's manufacturing sector alone accounted for 40 percent of the
country's manufacturing output.
Changes to the Family During the period from 1960 to 2010, as the percentage of urban dwellers in Brazil nearly doubled, the Brazilian family became dramatically smaller. In that 50-year period, the total fertility rate (the total number of children born to an average woman in a given place) for Brazilian women dropped from 6.3 children to 1.9 children. Although other factors contributed to this decline, urbanization was a major factor.
Urban Housing Conditions Brazil had seeral very large cities, including seven cities with more than 2 million people each. About 12 million people resided in its largest city, São Paulo, whose metropolitan area was home to about 20 million. The competition for space in Brazil's cities caused land values to increase. Therefore, middle-class citizens were forced into substandard dwellings tiny apartments in massive high-rise buildings.
As was the case in Nigeria, new arrivals in Brazil's enormous urban centers struggled to find adequate, affordable housing. The poorest residents clustered in collections of informal dwellings called favelas, which were shantytowns often made of cardboard, plywood, or other found materials. These slums were on the outskirts of the cities and had few services or utilities.
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Urbanization and Education In spite of the challenges they faced, Brazil's poor experienced increasing access to education over the period of rapid between the favela dwellers and higher-income Brazilians remained wide. Richer urbanization from 1960 to the present. However, the gap in quality of education attend secondary school and some level of college. Brazilians received a better quality education and were much more likely to
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attend secondary
Modernization in South Korea
lege.
Like Kenya and Brazil, South Korea experienced rapid urbanization in the mid- 20th century. Rural poverty drove migrants to South Korean cities, mainly to the capital, Seoul. Between 1960 and 1970, the population of the city more than doubled, reaching roughly 5.5 million. Fully 50 percent of the city's population in 1970 were recent migrants.
The concentration of urban dwellers primarily in Seoul declined slightly after 1970. Growth occurred more in other cities, such as Pusan, Inchon, and Taegu. As of 2014, the population of South Korea was about 84 percent urban, slightly higher than in the United States. In 2016, the city of Seoul included over 10 million people. The entire Seoul metropolitan region was 26 million people. This made it the second largest metropolitan region in the world. One in every two South Koreans lived in this metropolitan area.
Industrialization and Urbanization After 1960, South Korea developed into an industrial powerhouse. This industrial rise was abetted by the authoritarian
Taditional Cultures
written like a 8th grader and shorten
Modernization in Brazil and South Korea both involved rapid urbanization and industrialization. In Brazil, the move to cities began earlier and was driven by the mechanization of agriculture. Manufacturing played a significant role in Brazil's economy, particularly in cities like São Paulo. The Brazilian family also changed during this period, with the total fertility rate decreasing significantly.
In South Korea, rural poverty drove migrants to cities like Seoul, leading to rapid population growth. The country developed into an industrial powerhouse after 1960, with cities like Seoul becoming major economic hubs. Traditional cultures in both countries were impacted by urbanization and industrialization, with challenges such as inadequate housing and education disparities persisting.